let alone

Thân thiện

She can't afford a bicycle, let alone a car.

Definition

1. Adverb:
   • Used to indicate that something is even less likely or possible than something else already mentioned: It introduces a more extreme or unlikely example to emphasize the improbability or impossibility of the first statement.

Usage

The phrase "let alone" is used to connect two statements, where the second statement describes something that is even more difficult, less likely, or more extreme than the first. It is used for rhetorical emphasis, often after a negative clause. The structure is typically: [Negative Statement about X], let alone [Statement about Y, which is more extreme than X].

Examples

• Adverb:
  • I can't afford a bicycle, let alone a car. (The impossibility of affording a car is even greater than that of affording a bicycle.)
  • He hasn't apologized to his friends, let alone to me. (Apologizing to me is presented as a more difficult or unlikely step than apologizing to his friends.)
  • The baby can't walk yet, let alone run. (Running is a more advanced skill than walking.)

Advanced Usage

• "let alone" for emphasis in complex comparisons: It can be used to contrast abilities, qualities, or situations to highlight a significant gap.
  • The software can't handle basic text formatting, let alone complex graphic design.
  • They didn't invite their neighbors, let alone distant relatives.

Variants and Related Words

• Much less: A near-synonymous phrase often used interchangeably with "let alone" for emphasis after a negative.
  • I don't have time to read the summary, much less the full report.
• Not to mention: Used to add another point, often one that is more significant, but it can be used in both positive and negative contexts, unlike "let alone" which is primarily used after negatives.
  • The hotel has a pool, not to mention a spa. (This is a positive addition, so "let alone" would not fit here.)

Synonyms

• Much less
• Never mind (in the sense of "even less so")

Related Phrases

• To say nothing of: A more formal phrase with a similar function of adding a stronger point.
  • The project is behind schedule, to say nothing of being over budget.

Important Note

"Let alone" is almost exclusively used to introduce a more extreme point following a clause that is negative in meaning (using words like can't, haven't, didn't, impossible, unlikely). It is not typically used to connect two positive statements.

Học thuật

Adverb

1. much less
   • she can't boil potatoes, let alone cook a meal

Từ đồng nghĩa

• not to mention