id.

id.

The author's name is followed by "id." in the bibliography.

Definition

  1. Noun (abbreviation):

    • The same author or work: "id." is an abbreviation of the Latin word idem, meaning "the same." It is used in citations and references to indicate that the source being cited is identical to the one previously mentioned.
    • The same word or phrase: In scholarly or legal writing, "id." may also refer to the same term or concept already cited.

  2. Adverb (abbreviation):

    • As above: "id." is used as an adverb to mean "in the same place" or "as previously stated," referring to a source or idea already introduced.
Usage Examples

  • Noun:

    • The footnote reads: "Smith, 2020, p. 45; id., p. 50." (The second citation refers to the same author and work, just a different page.)
    • In the bibliography, the entry lists "Jones, 2019." Later, "id." is used instead of repeating the author's name. (The abbreviation avoids redundancy.)

  • Adverb:

    • The text states: "The theory was first proposed in 1995. Id., it remains influential today." (The adverb indicates that the same source is being referenced for the statement.)
Advanced Usage

  • In legal citations: "Id." is commonly used in legal documents to refer to the immediately preceding source without repeating it.

    • The court cited the precedent in Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). Id. at 489. (The abbreviation refers to the same case, pointing to a specific page.)

  • In academic writing: "Id." is used in footnotes or endnotes to avoid repeating full citation details when the same source is cited consecutively.

    • See Smith, supra note 3, at 22. Id. at 25. (The second note refers to the same source as the first, with a different page number.)
Variants and Related Words

  • Idem (pronoun, noun): The full Latin word meaning "the same," often used in citations as a synonym for "id."

    • The author is listed as "Idem" in the index. (The same person or work is indicated.)

  • Ibid. (abbreviation): A related abbreviation from Latin ibidem, meaning "in the same place," used similarly but more common in British English and for non-legal texts.

    • The reference reads: "Ibid., p. 30." (It refers to the same source as the previous citation.)
Synonyms
  • Same: identical; not different.
  • Ditto: used to indicate the same thing again (informal).
  • As above: referring to what was previously stated.
Related Idioms

  • Idem quod: A Latin phrase meaning "the same as," often abbreviated as "i.q." in scholarly notes.

    • The term is defined idem quod "hypothesis." (It means the same as the word "hypothesis.")

  • Idem per idem: A logical fallacy meaning "the same by the same," where a term is defined by itself without clarification.

    • Explaining "justice" as "what is just" is an example of idem per idem. (The definition is circular.)