aforethought

/ə'fɔ:θɔ:t/

Thân thiện

The defendant acted with malice aforethought.

Definition

1. Adjective:
   • Planned or considered beforehand; premeditated: This term describes an action, intention, or state of mind that has been thought about or decided in advance, rather than being spontaneous or impulsive. It is most commonly used in legal contexts.

Usage

The word "aforethought" is almost exclusively used in the fixed legal phrase "malice aforethought". It is a formal and technical term. On its own, it is very rare in everyday modern English. - Key Usage: It modifies the noun "malice" to specify that the malicious intent was premeditated. - Grammar Note: It typically precedes the noun it modifies (e.g., aforethought malice), though the phrase "malice aforethought" is a set legal formula where it follows.

Examples

• In Legal Context:
  • The prosecution must prove the killing was done with malice aforethought to secure a murder conviction.
  • The defendant's actions showed clear evidence of aforethought intent.
• General Use (Rare):
  • It was an act of aforethought cruelty, not a moment of passion.

Advanced Usage

• "With malice aforethought": This is a term of art in criminal law, particularly for the crime of murder. It denotes the mental state () of intending to kill or cause grievous bodily harm, and that this intention was formed prior to the act. It distinguishes murder from manslaughter.
  • The jury found him guilty of murder, as the planning of the crime demonstrated malice aforethought.

Variants and Related Words

• Premeditated (adj): Thought out or planned beforehand. This is the more common synonym in general and legal English.
  • premeditated murder
• Deliberate (adj): Done consciously and intentionally.
• Calculated (adj): Done with full awareness and intent, often implying a cold, logical plan.
• Forethought (n): Careful consideration of what will be necessary or may happen in the future.
  • He had the forethought to bring a map.

Synonyms

• Premeditated
• Preplanned
• Deliberate
• Calculated
• Intentional

Antonyms

• Spontaneous
• Impulsive
• Unpremeditated
• Unplanned

Notes

• "Aforethought" is Archaic in Isolation: Outside of the phrase "malice aforethought," the word is considered archaic. Modern English would use "premeditated" or "planned in advance."
• Legal Specificity: In law, "malice aforethought" has specific definitions that can vary by jurisdiction but always center on the concept of premeditated wrongful intent.

Học thuật

Adjective

1. planned in advance
   • with malice aforethought

Từ đồng nghĩa

• aforethought
• planned
• plotted