et al.

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et al.

The study was conducted by Johnson et al.

Definition
  1. Adverb:
    • And elsewhere: Used in academic citations to indicate that the cited work appears in other locations within the same source text or publication.
    • And others: An abbreviation for the Latin phrases et alii (masculine), et aliae (feminine), or et alia (neuter). It is used primarily in reference lists and citations to denote that there are additional authors beyond those named.
Usage
  • In citations: "et al." is used after the first author's name to signify multiple co-authors. It is a standard convention in many academic citation styles (e.g., APA, MLA, Chicago).
  • In textual references: It can be used within a sentence to refer to a source with many authors without listing them all.
  • Formatting: It is always written in lowercase, with a period after "al." It is typically italicized in formal writing because it is a Latin abbreviation.
Examples

  • Meaning "and others" (in citations):

    • The theory was first proposed by Johnson et al. in their seminal 1995 paper.
    • As demonstrated in the study (Miller et al., 2010), the results are conclusive.
    • The bibliography entry reads: "Smith, J., Jones, R., et al. (2021). The Future of Linguistics."

  • Meaning "and elsewhere" (less common):

    • The manuscript contains references to the doctrine et al. within the same volume.
    • This symbol is explained on page 24 et al. of the appendix.
Advanced Usage

  • In bibliographies/reference lists: "et al." is used to shorten citations for works with many authors. Specific rules (e.g., how many authors to list before using "et al.") vary by citation style.

    • APA Style (for 3+ authors): Cite only the first author followed by "et al." in all instances after the first citation.
    • MLA Style: For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author followed by "et al."

  • Punctuation with "et al.": It is followed by a comma when needed for the sentence structure, but the period after "al." remains.

    • Recent work (Franklin et al., 2018) supports this claim.
Variants and Related Words
  • Et seq.: An abbreviation for or , meaning "and the following." It is used to refer to a page or section number and those that follow (e.g., "see page 10 et seq.").
  • Ibid.: An abbreviation for , meaning "in the same place." Used in citations to refer to the same source as the immediately preceding one.
  • Etc.: An abbreviation for , meaning "and the rest" or "and so forth." Used to indicate the continuation of a list.
Synonyms
  • And co-authors: A more informal, non-Latin alternative sometimes used in less formal contexts.
  • And colleagues: Can be used in narrative text, but "et al." is the standard in academic citations.
Important Notes
  • Not a Phrasal Verb or Idiom: "Et al." is a Latin abbreviation, not an English phrasal verb. It does not have related phrasal verbs or idioms.
  • Usage Restriction: It is almost exclusively used in the context of scholarly writing and formal citations. It is not used in general conversation.
  • Pronunciation: While not part of the written definition, for clarity, it is often pronounced /ˌet ˈæl/ or /ˌet ˈɑːl/.
et al.

The study was conducted by Johnson et al.

Adverb
  1. and elsewhere (used when referring to other occurrences in a text)
  2. and others ('et al.' is used as an abbreviation of `et alii' (masculine plural) or `et aliae' (feminine plural) or `et alia' (neuter plural) when referring to a number of people)
    • the data reported by Smith et al.

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