golden horde
Proper noun A Mongol and later Turkicized khanate established in the 13th century, originating from the northwestern sector of the Mongol Empire. It conquered and ruled much of Eastern Europe, including parts of modern-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, for over two centuries. The term specifically refers to the political entity and its military forces.
The term "Golden Horde" is used historically to refer to the ruling state and its armies that dominated the Pontic-Caspian steppe and exerted sovereignty over Russian principalities. * The Russian princes were required to pay tribute to the Golden Horde. * Historians study the administrative structure of the Golden Horde. * The armies of the Golden Horde were formidable and mobile.
- "The yoke of the Golden Horde": A common historical phrase referring to the period of domination and tribute extraction by the Golden Horde over the Russian principalities (c. 1240–1480). This period is also known as the "Mongol Yoke" or "Tatar Yoke."
- The Russian states struggled for centuries under the yoke of the Golden Horde.
- Horde (noun): A large, moving crowd or mass of people. While "Golden Horde" is a proper noun for a specific state, the word "horde" alone (often lowercase) carries a more general and sometimes pejorative meaning.
- A horde of tourists descended on the city.
- Khanate (noun): The state or jurisdiction ruled by a khan. The Golden Horde was a khanate.
- The Golden Horde was one of the successor khanates of the Mongol Empire.
- The Kipchak Khanate: Another name for the Golden Horde, derived from the Kipchak (Cuman) Turkic peoples who inhabited the steppe and were incorporated into the horde.
- The Ulus of Jochi: The official name for the territory granted to Jochi (son of Genghis Khan), from which the Golden Horde originated.
- Mongol Empire: The vast empire founded by Genghis Khan, from which the Golden Horde originated as an appanage for his grandson, Batu Khan.
- Tribute: Payment made periodically by one state or ruler to another, especially as a sign of submission. The Russian principalities paid tribute to the Golden Horde.
- Sarai: The capital city of the Golden Horde, located on the lower Volga River.
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a Mongolian army that swept over eastern Europe in the 13th century
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