holism

Thân thiện

A teacher draws a diagram of holism on the classroom whiteboard.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • A theory or approach that emphasizes the whole system: Holism is the idea that a complex system, entity, or phenomenon must be viewed as a unified whole, not merely as a collection of its individual parts. It asserts that the whole has properties and behaviors that emerge from the interactions of its parts and cannot be predicted or fully understood by analyzing the parts in isolation.

Usage

• Holism is used primarily in academic, scientific, and philosophical contexts to describe an integrative perspective.
• It is often contrasted with reductionism, which seeks to explain complex things by breaking them down into their simplest, most fundamental parts.
• The term is commonly applied in fields such as philosophy, psychology, biology, ecology, linguistics, and medicine.

Examples

• Noun:
  • The anthropologist's research was guided by holism, studying the culture as an interconnected system of beliefs, economics, and social structures.
  • In medicine, a holistic approach considers the patient's physical, mental, and social well-being, not just the specific symptoms of an illness.
  • The principle of holism in ecology suggests that an ecosystem's health depends on the complex relationships between all its living and non-living components.

Advanced Usage

• Methodological holism: The view that social phenomena must be explained by referring to social structures, laws, or forces at a higher level, rather than by the actions of individuals.
  • Methodological holism argues that institutions shape individual behavior more than the sum of individual choices shapes institutions.
• Semantic holism: A theory in the philosophy of language stating that the meaning of a word or sentence can only be understood through its relationships with the entire language system or a large segment of it.
  • Semantic holism presents a challenge for translation, as a word's meaning is tied to its unique place in the web of a specific language.

Variants and Related Words

• Holistic (adjective): Characterized by or emphasizing holism; relating to the whole.
  • She prefers a holistic treatment plan that includes diet and stress management.
• Holistically (adverb): In a holistic manner.
  • The problem must be addressed holistically to find a lasting solution.

Synonyms

• Wholism (an alternative, less common spelling)
• Integrative approach
• Systems thinking

Antonyms

• Reductionism
• Atomism
• Individualism (in certain social science contexts)

Related Idioms and Phrases

• "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts": This popular phrase is the foundational idea of holism. It means that when parts combine to form a whole, new properties or capabilities emerge that the separate parts do not possess.
  • A great team exemplifies that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts; their synergy creates results no single member could achieve alone.

Học thuật

Noun

1. the theory that the parts of any whole cannot exist and cannot be understood except in their relation to the whole
   • holism holds that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts
   • holistic theory has been applied to ecology and language and mental states

Từ đồng nghĩa

• holistic theory