spurious

/'spjuəriəs/

Thân thiện

A collector examines a spurious painting under a bright light.

Definition

1. Adjective:
   • Not genuine, authentic, or true; false or fake: Something described as "spurious" is not what it claims to be. It is often created to deceive or mislead.
   • Based on false reasoning or logic; invalid: A "spurious" argument, connection, or conclusion is one that seems correct or plausible but is actually flawed or incorrect.
   • (Archaic/Biological) Illegitimate in birth: This older usage refers to offspring born outside of marriage.

Usage and Examples

• Describing something fake or counterfeit:

  • The museum discovered the painting was a spurious imitation, not an original masterpiece.
  • They used spurious documents to gain entry into the country.

• Describing a false or misleading idea, argument, or correlation:

  • The study warned against drawing spurious conclusions from the data, as correlation does not imply causation.
  • His defense was based on a spurious claim that could not be verified.

Advanced Usage and Nuances

• "Spurious" vs. "Specious": While both can mean "seemingly true but actually false," "specious" often emphasizes superficial plausibility or deceptive attractiveness. "Spurious" emphasizes falseness and lack of authenticity, often with an intent to deceive.

  • He made a specious argument that sounded reasonable but fell apart under scrutiny. (Emphasizes deceptive appearance)
  • The website was full of spurious health claims. (Emphasizes falseness and lack of legitimacy)

• In Logic and Statistics: A "spurious relationship" is a statistical association between two variables that is caused by a third, unseen factor, not by a direct causal link.

  • Researchers found a spurious correlation between ice cream sales and drowning incidents, both actually linked to hot weather.

Variants and Related Words

• Spuriously (adverb): In a false or inauthentic manner.
  • The product was spuriously labeled as "organic."
• Spuriousness (noun): The quality of being spurious.
  • The spuriousness of the evidence was apparent to the experts.

Synonyms

• Bogus: Not genuine or true; fake.
• Counterfeit: Made in exact imitation of something valuable with the intent to deceive.
• Fallacious: Based on a mistaken belief; unsound.
• Invalid: Not true or legally acceptable; without foundation.
• Sham: A thing that is not what it is purported to be.

Antonyms

• Authentic: Of undisputed origin; genuine.
• Genuine: Truly what something is said to be; authentic.
• Valid: Having a sound basis in logic or fact; reasonable.
• Legitimate: Conforming to the law or to rules; authentic and valid.

Idioms and Common Phrases

• "Spurious reasoning": A line of argument that is logically flawed or based on false premises.
  • The politician's entire case was built on spurious reasoning.
• "A spurious charge/accusation": A false or unfounded allegation.
  • He was cleared of the spurious charges after a thorough investigation.

Học thuật

Adjective

1. intended to deceive
   • a spurious work of art
2. born out of wedlock
   • the dominions of both rulers passed away to their spurious or doubtful offspring- E.A.Freeman
3. plausible but false
   • a specious claim
   • spurious inferences

Từ đồng nghĩa

• inauthentic
• unauthentic
• bastardly
• misbegot
• misbegotten
• specious