supersaturated

Thân thiện

A scientist carefully adds a single crystal to a supersaturated solution.

Definition

Adjective: 1. Being more concentrated than normally possible and therefore not in equilibrium: Describes a solution that contains a greater amount of dissolved solute than it would under normal, stable conditions. This state is unstable and temporary.

Usage

The term supersaturated is used primarily in chemistry and physics to describe an unstable, non-equilibrium state. It indicates that a solution holds more dissolved material than it theoretically should at a given temperature and pressure. This condition is typically achieved by carefully altering conditions (like cooling a saturated solution without disturbing it) and is highly sensitive to disturbance.

Examples

• A supersaturated solution of sodium acetate will rapidly crystallize if a small seed crystal is introduced.
• The cloud chamber experiment relies on a supersaturated vapor of alcohol to make particle tracks visible.
• When you dissolve a large amount of sugar in hot water and then let it cool slowly without agitation, you can create a supersaturated sugar solution.

Advanced Usage

• Metaphorical Use: While technical, the concept can be applied metaphorically to describe a state of excessive accumulation or tension that is unstable and prone to sudden release.
  • The political climate was supersaturated with grievances, ready to erupt at the slightest provocation.

Variants and Related Words

• Supersaturation (noun): The process or state of becoming supersaturated.
  • The supersaturation of the solution was key to the crystal growth experiment.
• Saturated (adjective): Containing the maximum concentration of a solute under normal equilibrium conditions.
• Unsaturated (adjective): Containing less than the maximum possible amount of solute.

Synonyms

• Overconcentrated
• Metastable (in a scientific context, specifically referring to the unstable equilibrium)

Antonyms

• Unsaturated
• Dilute
• Saturated (in its stable, equilibrium sense)

Học thuật

Adjective

1. being more concentrated than normally possible and therefore not in equilibrium