Artaxerxes

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Definition

Proper noun: 1. Artaxerxes I: A king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia (reigned 465–424 BC), known for his relatively peaceful reign and for sanctioning the practice of Judaism in Jerusalem, as recorded in the biblical books of Ezra and Nehemiah. 2. Artaxerxes II: A king of the Achaemenid Empire of Persia (reigned 404–358 BC), known for his long reign during which he subdued numerous internal revolts and concluded a peace treaty (the Peace of Antalcidas) with Sparta and other Greek city-states.

Usage Examples
  • Referring to Artaxerxes I:
    • The biblical figure Nehemiah served as cupbearer to King Artaxerxes.
    • A decree from Artaxerxes allowed Ezra to return to Jerusalem to teach the law.
  • Referring to Artaxerxes II:
    • The Corinthian War was eventually ended by a treaty imposed by Artaxerxes.
    • Historians study the reign of Artaxerxes II to understand the later period of the Achaemenid Empire.
Advanced Usage
  • The name is often followed by a regnal number (I or II) to specify which monarch is being discussed, especially in academic or historical texts to avoid ambiguity.
    • The peace treaty was a major diplomatic achievement for Artaxerxes II.
  • It can be used metonymically to refer to the Persian court or administration during that king's rule.
    • The ambassador sought an audience with Artaxerxes.
Variants and Related Words
  • Artaxerxes I Longimanus: The full name often used for the first king, with "Longimanus" meaning "long-handed."
  • Artaxerxes II Mnemon: The full name often used for the second king, with "Mnemon" meaning "the mindful" or "having a good memory."
  • Achaemenid: The name of the Persian dynasty to which both kings belonged.
  • Shahanshah: The Persian title meaning "King of Kings," held by the Artaxerxes.
Synonyms
  • The Great King (A contemporary title for the Persian monarch).
  • The King of Persia (A general descriptive synonym, though less specific).
Related Phrases and Context
  • The Peace of Antalcidas (or the King's Peace): A famous treaty associated with Artaxerxes II.
  • The Ezra-Nehemiah narrative: The biblical books associated with the decree of Artaxerxes I.
  • Satrap revolt: Refers to the rebellions by provincial governors (satraps) that Artaxerxes II had to quell.
Noun
  1. king of Persia who sanctioned the practice of Judaism in Jerusalem (?-424 BC)
  2. king of Persia who subdued numerous revolutions and made peace with Sparta (?-359 BC)

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