Zend

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Definition

Noun: 1. An ancient Iranian language: Zend refers specifically to the language used in the interpretation and commentary of the Avesta, the sacred texts of Zoroastrianism. It is an older form of Persian.

Usage
  • The term "Zend" is used in historical and religious linguistic contexts to describe the language of the Zoroastrian commentaries.
  • It is often paired with "Avesta" (as in "Zend-Avesta") to refer to the body of sacred texts including both the original hymns and their later interpretation.
Examples
  • Noun:
    • Scholars study Zend to understand the development of Iranian languages.
    • The Zend commentary provides explanations for the more ancient Avestan texts.
Advanced Usage
  • "Zend-Avesta": This term historically refers to the complete corpus of Zoroastrian scripture, combining the original Avestan hymns with the Zend (Middle Persian) translation and commentary. In modern scholarship, the term "Avesta" is preferred for the original texts, and "Zend" is understood as the interpretive language.
Variants and Related Words
  • Avestan (n): The older, more archaic Eastern Iranian language in which the core hymns of the Avesta were originally composed.
  • Pahlavi (n): Another name for Middle Persian, the language of the Sassanid Empire, closely related to and sometimes conflated with Zend.
Synonyms
  • Middle Persian (in a specific religious context)
Notes on Meaning
  • It is critical to distinguish "Zend" (the language) from "Avestan" (the language of the original scriptures). Zend is the language of the of the Avesta.
  • In older European scholarship, "Zend" was sometimes mistakenly used to refer to the Avestan language itself, but this usage is now considered incorrect.
Noun
  1. an ancient Iranian language

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