defunct

/di'fʌɳkt/

Thân thiện

The old amusement park is now defunct and overgrown.

Definition

1. Adjective:
   • No longer existing or functioning: Describes something that has ceased to exist, operate, or be in force.
   • No longer alive: (Formal or legal) Describes a person who has died.

Usage

The word "defunct" is primarily used as an adjective. It is formal in tone and often used in legal, business, or historical contexts to describe organizations, laws, systems, or objects that are obsolete. When referring to a deceased person, it is a very formal or legal term.

Examples

• Describing a non-functioning organization or system:
  • The company went bankrupt and is now defunct.
  • That defunct railway line was closed over fifty years ago.
• Describing an obsolete law or practice:
  • The defunct policy was replaced by a new one last year.
• Formally describing a deceased person:
  • The estate was managed according to the will of the defunct aunt.

Advanced Usage

• "to render something defunct": to cause something to become obsolete or non-functional.
  • The new technology rendered the old manufacturing process defunct.
• Used attributively (before a noun) to highlight the state of being obsolete.
  • They excavated the site of a defunct civilization.

Variants and Related Words

• Defunctness (noun, rare): The state of being defunct.
  • The defunctness of the treaty was officially recognized.

Synonyms

• Obsolete: No longer produced or used; out of date.
• Extinct: (Of a species, family, or other group) having no living members; (of a volcano) not having erupted in recorded history.
• Inoperative: Not working or taking effect.
• Deceased: (Formal) A person who has died.

Antonyms

• Operational: In or ready for use.
• Active: Functioning or having effect.
• Extant: Still in existence; surviving.

Notes

• While "defunct" can refer to a deceased person, in modern usage, it is far more commonly applied to inanimate things like companies, laws, or technologies. For people, words like "deceased" or "late" are more typical in non-legal contexts.
• The noun form "the defunct" to mean "the dead person" is now archaic and rarely used outside of specific legal documents.

Học thuật

Adjective

1. having ceased to exist or live
   • the will of a defunct aunt
   • a defunct Indian tribe
2. no longer in force or use; inactive
   • a defunct law
   • a defunct organization