extinguished

Thân thiện

The dog's conditioned response to the bell was extinguished after repeated trials without food.

Definition

1. Adjective:
   • Put out, quenched: Refers to something that has been caused to stop burning or shining.
   • Brought to an end, eliminated: Describes something that has been terminated, destroyed, or made obsolete.

Usage

• The primary use of "extinguished" is as an adjective describing the state of something that has been actively put out or ended.
• It is often used with things that can burn (like fires, lights, flames) or with abstract concepts like hopes, rights, or species.
• It is the past participle form of the verb "extinguish" and is commonly used in passive constructions.

Examples

• Literal (Fire/Light):
  • The firefighters arrived and the blaze was quickly extinguished.
  • She extinguished the candle before going to sleep. (Here, "extinguished" is the past tense verb form.)
• Figurative (Abstract Concepts):
  • His hopes of winning were extinguished by the final score.
  • The new law extinguished their traditional rights. (Here, "extinguished" is the past tense verb form.)

Advanced Usage

• In Psychology (Conditioning): Refers to a conditioned response that has been caused to die out due to the absence of reinforcement.
  • After repeated trials without a reward, the salivation response in the dog was extinguished.
• In Law: Can describe rights or claims that have been nullified or made void.
  • The treaty extinguished all prior territorial claims.

Variants and Related Words

• Extinguish (verb): To cause to cease burning; to put an end to; to nullify.
  • They worked to extinguish the forest fire.
• Extinguishable (adjective): Capable of being extinguished.
• Extinguisher (noun): A device for putting out fires, like a fire extinguisher.
• Unextinguished (adjective): Not put out or ended.
  • His unextinguished passion drove him forward.

Synonyms

• Quenched: Put out (a fire); satisfied (a thirst).
• Doused: Pour a liquid over; extinguish (a fire).
• Suppressed: Forcibly put an end to.
• Annihilated: Completely destroyed.

Antonyms

• Ignited: Set on fire.
• Kindled: Lighted; inspired.
• Fueled: Added fuel to; stimulated.

Related Phrases/Idioms

• To extinguish a debt: To pay off a debt completely, eliminating it.
  • He sold the property to extinguish his debts.
• To have one's hopes extinguished: To have one's hopes completely dashed or destroyed.
  • The failed experiment had her scientific hopes extinguished.

Học thuật

Adjective

1. of a conditioned response; caused to die out because of the absence or withdrawal of reinforcement