Definition

1. Adverb:
   • In the same place: Used in citations and references to indicate that a source or quotation is found in the same location (such as the same book, article, or page) as the one cited immediately before it. It is an abbreviation for the Latin phrase "ibidem."

Usage

• In academic writing and formal citations: "ib." is used to avoid repeating the full source details when a reference is identical to the one directly preceding it.
• Formatting: It is typically written in italics () and followed by a period, as it is an abbreviation.

Examples

• In a footnote or endnote:

Advanced Usage

• Contextual Use: While "ib." refers to the single source immediately preceding it, the related term "id." (from , meaning "the same") is used to refer to the same author in a citation when other details (like the page number) might differ.
• Modern Style Guides: Some contemporary citation styles (like APA or MLA) prefer the use of short titles or author names instead of Latin abbreviations like or However, (the full form) and are still commonly used in legal writing, historical research, and some footnote-based systems like Chicago notes.

Variants and Related Words

• Ibid. (Ibidem): The full, unabbreviated form of "ib.", meaning "in the same place."
• Id. (Idem): An abbreviation meaning "the same," used to refer to the same author as the previous citation.
• Loc. cit. (Loco citato): An abbreviation meaning "in the place cited," used to refer to the same page of the same source cited earlier, but not necessarily the citation immediately preceding it.
• Op. cit. (Opere citato): An abbreviation meaning "in the work cited," used to refer to a previously cited work, but not the same page or the immediately preceding citation.

Synonyms

• Ibid.: The direct synonym and full form.
• In the same source: A plain English phrase with a similar meaning.

Notes

• Not a Phrasal Verb or Idiom: "Ib." is a specialized lexical item (an adverb and citation abbreviation) and does not function as a phrasal verb or idiom in the conventional sense. Its usage is confined to the context of referencing.

Adverb

1. in the same place (used when citing a reference)