Definition

Adverb: - In the same place: Used in academic writing, particularly in citations and footnotes, to indicate that a reference is to the same source (the same book, article, chapter, or page) as the one cited immediately before it. It serves to avoid repetition of the full citation details.

Usage

• In citations: "Ibidem" (often abbreviated as "ibid.") is used in a footnote or endnote when the source is identical to the one in the preceding note.
• Format: It is typically written in italics and followed by a period when abbreviated.

Examples

• In a footnote: (New York: Academic Press, 2020), p. 45. ² , p. 102. (This means the reference is again to John Smith's , but now to page 102.)*
• Another example: , vol. 345, 1991, p. 234. ⁴ (This means the reference is to the exact same source and page as note 3.)*

Advanced Usage

• "Ibid., p. [number]": Used to refer to the same work but a different page number than the immediately preceding citation. (Boston: Science Publishers, 2018), p. 77. ⁶ , p. 81.*
• Distinction from "Idem": While "ibidem" refers to the same , "idem" (meaning "the same person") is sometimes used to indicate the same in a subsequent citation when the work is different. However, "ibid." is the more standard term for referencing the same place.

Variants and Related Words

• Ibid. (adv.): The standard abbreviation for "ibidem".
• Loc. cit. (adv.): An abbreviation for "loco citato", meaning "in the place cited". It is used to refer to the same page of a source that was cited earlier, but not immediately before.
• Op. cit. (adv.): An abbreviation for "opere citato", meaning "in the work cited". It is used to refer to a previously cited work (but not the immediately preceding one), often accompanied by the author's name and a different page number.

Synonyms

• In the same place: The literal English translation.
• Same source: A descriptive synonym in the context of referencing.

Notes

• Style Guides: The use of "ibid." is governed by specific citation styles (e.g., Chicago Manual of Style). Some modern style guides prefer shortened citations (e.g., author, shortened title, page) instead of "ibid.".
• Pronunciation: /ɪˈbɪdɛm/ or /ˈɪbɪdɛm/.

Adverb

1. in the same place (used when citing a reference)