immunity

/i'mju:niti/

Học thuật

Thân thiện

The child's immunity protects her from catching the common cold.

Definition

Noun:
- Legal/Formal Protection: An official exemption or freedom from a legal duty, penalty, or prosecution.
- Resistance to Influence: The quality or state of being unaffected or impervious to something, typically something negative.
- Biological Resistance: (Medicine/Biology) The condition of being able to resist a particular infectious disease, due to the presence of specific antibodies or sensitized white blood cells.
- General Non-Susceptibility: The state of not being vulnerable or susceptible to a particular condition, substance, or effect.

Usage Examples

Legal/Formal Protection:
- The witness was granted immunity in exchange for his testimony.
- Diplomatic immunity protects ambassadors from certain local laws.
Resistance to Influence:
- His wealth gave him a certain immunity to the financial crisis.
- She seemed to have an immunity to peer pressure.
Biological Resistance:
- Vaccination provides immunity against many dangerous diseases.
- Recovering from the infection gave him natural immunity.
General Non-Susceptibility:
- This alloy has an immunity to corrosion.

Advanced Usage

"Sovereign immunity": A legal doctrine that a sovereign or state cannot commit a legal wrong and is immune from civil suit or criminal prosecution.
- The case was dismissed based on the principle of sovereign immunity.
"Herd immunity": (Epidemiology) Resistance to the spread of a contagious disease within a population when a high percentage of individuals have become immune.
- Public health officials aim for herd immunity through widespread vaccination.

Variants and Related Words

Immune (adj): Protected or exempt, especially from disease or obligation.
- He is immune to chickenpox.
- The judge is not immune from criticism.
Immunize (verb): To make someone immune to a disease, typically by inoculation.
- Children are immunized against measles.
Immunology (noun): The branch of medicine and biology concerned with immunity.

Synonyms

Exemption: The process of freeing or state of being free from an obligation or liability imposed on others.
Resistance: The ability not to be affected by something, especially adversely.
Insusceptibility: The condition of not being likely to be affected or harmed by something.

Related Phrases

Immunity from prosecution: A legal guarantee that a person will not face criminal charges.
- The deal offered the informant full immunity from prosecution.
Acquired immunity: Immunity that develops during a person's lifetime, from exposure to disease or vaccination.
- Acquired immunity can be active or passive.
Cellular immunity: An immune response that does not involve antibodies but rather the activation of specific immune cells.
- Cellular immunity is crucial for fighting viral infections.

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