morpheme

/'mɔ:fi:m/

Thân thiện

A student writes the word "unhappiness" and circles its three morphemes.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • A minimal meaningful unit of language: A morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language that carries meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller parts that are themselves meaningful.
   • A building block of words: Morphemes combine to form words. They can be words on their own or parts of words that modify meaning.

Usage and Examples

• As a Noun:
  • The word "unhappiness" contains three morphemes: "un-", "happy", and "-ness".
  • In the word "cats", the "-s" is a morpheme that indicates plurality.
  • Linguists study how morphemes are combined to create meaning in different languages.

Advanced Usage

• Bound Morpheme: A morpheme that cannot stand alone as a word and must be attached to another morpheme (e.g., prefixes like "un-" or suffixes like "-ing").
  • The morpheme "-ed" in "walked" indicates past tense.
• Free Morpheme: A morpheme that can function independently as a word (e.g., "book", "run", "happy").
  • "House" is a free morpheme because it is a complete word by itself.
• Allomorph: A variant form of a morpheme that occurs in different phonetic environments (e.g., the plural morpheme "-s" has allomorphs like /s/ in "cats", /z/ in "dogs", and /ɪz/ in "horses").

Variants and Related Words

• Morphology (n): The study of the structure and formation of words, including how morphemes combine.
  • She is specializing in morphology for her linguistics degree.
• Morphological (adj): Relating to the form and structure of words.
  • The morphological analysis revealed the word's origins.

Synonyms

• Grammatical unit: A basic element of grammatical structure.
• Formative: A linguistic element involved in word formation (a more technical synonym).

Related Concepts (Not Phrasal Verbs or Idioms)

• Root Morpheme: The primary lexical unit of a word, carrying the core meaning (e.g., "write" in "rewrite").
• Affix: A bound morpheme that is attached to a word stem to modify its meaning or create a new word (includes prefixes and suffixes).

Học thuật

Noun

1. minimal meaningful language unit; it cannot be divided into smaller meaningful units