surprisal

/sə'praizəl/

Thân thiện

The magician's trick caused a moment of surprisal among the audience.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • The act of surprising someone: "Surprisal" refers specifically to the action or instance of causing surprise to another person. It denotes the event or process of surprising.
   • The state of being surprised: It can also refer to the resulting feeling or condition of astonishment experienced by the person who is surprised.

Usage

• "Surprisal" is a formal and somewhat rare noun. It is most commonly used in specific contexts, such as information theory, psychology, or formal writing, to describe the concept of surprise.
• In everyday conversation, the more common words "surprise" (as a noun) or "act of surprising" are typically used instead.

Examples

• Noun:
  • The sudden announcement caused great surprisal among the staff. (The unexpected announcement created a strong feeling of surprise among the employees.)
  • Her reaction was one of complete surprisal. (Her reaction was one of total astonishment.)
  • The theory measures information content in terms of surprisal. (The theory quantifies information based on its unexpectedness.)

Advanced Usage

• In Information Theory: "Surprisal" is a technical term for the measure of how unexpected an event is, often quantified as the negative logarithm of its probability. A more probable event has lower surprisal.
  • In this model, the surprisal of a rare symbol is much higher than that of a common one.
• In Psychology/Cognitive Science: It is used to discuss the cognitive response to unexpected stimuli.
  • The study examined the neural correlates of surprisal during the learning task.

Variants and Related Words

• Surprise (n, v): The much more common and general term. As a noun, it can mean both the feeling and the event that causes it. As a verb, it means to cause someone to feel surprise.
  • The party was a lovely surprise. (n)
  • You surprise me every day. (v)
• Surprising (adj): Causing surprise.
  • The results were surprising.
• Surprised (adj): Feeling or showing surprise.
  • She had a surprised look on her face.

Synonyms

• Astonishment: Amazement, great surprise.
• Amazement: A feeling of great surprise or wonder.
• Startlement: The act of startling or the state of being startled (often implies a sudden, brief shock).

Antonyms

• Expectation: A strong belief that something will happen.
• Anticipation: The action of anticipating something; expectation.

Học thuật

Noun

1. the act of surprising someone

Từ đồng nghĩa

• surprise