virulency

/'viruləns/ Cách viết khác : (virulency) /'virulənsi/

Thân thiện

The scientist measured the virulency of the bacterial culture.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • Extreme hostility; intense bitterness or malice: The quality or state of being virulent, characterized by harsh, severe, or antagonistic feelings.
   • Extreme harmfulness, especially the capacity of a microorganism to cause severe disease: The degree of pathogenicity or disease-producing power of an infectious agent.

Usage and Examples

• Noun (Extreme Hostility):
  • The virulency of his criticism shocked the audience.
  • Political debates are sometimes marked by a surprising virulency.
• Noun (Harmfulness/Disease):
  • Scientists studied the virulency of the new bacterial strain.
  • The virulency of the virus determines the severity of the outbreak.

Advanced Usage and Notes

• Technical vs. Figurative Use: In scientific contexts (e.g., medicine, biology), "virulency" primarily refers to the severity of a pathogen. In general language, it is more commonly used figuratively to describe intense, malicious hostility in speech, writing, or behavior.
• Formality: "Virulency" is a formal and somewhat less common variant of the noun virulence. Both words share identical meanings and are often used interchangeably, though "virulence" is more frequent.

Variants and Related Words

• Virulence (n): The more commonly used noun form with the same definitions as "virulency."
• Virulent (adj): Describing something as extremely severe, harmful, or hostile (e.g., , ).

Synonyms

• Hostility: Antagonism, animosity, bitterness.
• Harmfulness: Pathogenicity, toxicity, deadliness, malignancy.
• Malice: Spite, venom, rancor.

Antonyms

• Harmlessness: Innocuousness, safety.
• Benevolence: Kindness, goodwill, friendliness.
• Mildness: Gentleness, leniency.

Idioms and Phrases

(While there are no common idioms using "virulency" specifically, the concept is often expressed through related terms.) - To be virulent in one's attack: To criticize with extreme harshness and malice. - The editorial was virulent in its attack on the government's policy.

Học thuật

Noun

1. extreme hostility
   • the virulence of the malicious old man
2. extreme harmfulness (as the capacity of a microorganism to cause disease)
   • the virulence of the plague

Từ đồng nghĩa

• virulence