vitalism

/'vaitəlizm/

Thân thiện

Vitalism was once a popular theory in biology.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • A philosophical doctrine: "vitalism" is a doctrine in philosophy and biology that posits living organisms are fundamentally different from non-living entities because they contain some non-physical element or are governed by different principles than inanimate matter. It asserts that life processes cannot be fully explained by the laws of physics and chemistry alone, requiring a distinct "vital force" or "vital principle."

Usage Examples

• Noun:
  • The 19th-century biologist was a proponent of vitalism, arguing that a special life force animated organic matter.
  • Modern biology has largely rejected vitalism in favor of mechanistic explanations for life processes.

Advanced Usage

• Historical Context: "Vitalism" was a significant concept in the history of science and medicine, often contrasted with mechanism or materialism.

  • The debate between vitalism and mechanism shaped early theories in physiology.

• In Contemporary Discourse: While scientifically discredited, the term is sometimes used metaphorically or in discussions about the philosophy of biology.

  • Some critics argue that certain holistic health practices are based on a form of neo-vitalism.

Variants and Related Words

• Vitalist (noun): A person who believes in or advocates for vitalism.

  • The vitalist insisted that chemical analysis could never explain consciousness.

• Vitalistic (adjective): Relating to or characteristic of vitalism.

  • His vitalistic theories were considered outdated by his peers.

Synonyms

• Life-force theory: A doctrine emphasizing a distinct animating force.
• Animism (in specific historical/philosophical contexts, though animism more broadly refers to the belief that objects possess souls).

Antonyms

• Mechanism: The doctrine that natural processes are mechanically determined and can be explained by the laws of physics and chemistry.
• Materialism: The theory that physical matter is the only or fundamental reality, and that all phenomena, including life, are results of material interactions.

Học thuật

Noun

1. (philosophy) a doctrine that life is a vital principle distinct from physics and chemistry