calculus

/'kælkjuləs/

Thân thiện

A student solves a calculus problem on a chalkboard.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • A branch of mathematics: The branch of mathematics concerned with limits and the processes of differentiation and integration of functions. It deals with continuous change and is divided into differential calculus and integral calculus.
   • A hard, stony concretion: A hard, abnormal mass, typically composed of mineral salts, that forms in the body, especially in hollow organs or ducts.
   • Tartar on teeth: An incrustation of tartar (plaque that has hardened) that forms on the teeth and gums.

Examples of Usage

• Noun (Mathematics):
  • Students often study calculus in their first year of university.
  • Newton and Leibniz are credited with the independent development of calculus.
• Noun (Medical):
  • The patient was diagnosed with a renal calculus, commonly known as a kidney stone.
  • Dental calculus must be removed by a professional hygienist.

Advanced Usage

• "The calculus of": Used metaphorically to refer to a system or method of calculation or reasoning, often involving a complex set of factors.
  • The political calculus behind the decision was incredibly complex.
  • Investors must understand the risk calculus before entering the market.

Variants and Related Words

• Calculi (n): The plural form, especially used in medical contexts (e.g., renal calculi).
• Calculate (v): To determine mathematically or assess carefully.
• Calculation (n): The process or result of calculating.
• Differential Calculus (n): A subfield of calculus concerning rates of change and slopes of curves.
• Integral Calculus (n): A subfield of calculus concerning accumulation of quantities and areas under curves.

Synonyms

• Mathematics sense: Analysis, infinitesimal calculus.
• Medical sense: Stone, concretion, lithiasis (the condition of having calculi).

Related Phrases

• Renal calculus: A kidney stone.
• Biliary calculus: A gallstone.
• Dental calculus: Tartar on teeth.
• Urinary calculus: A stone in the urinary tract.

Idioms and Figurative Use

• "A moral calculus": A process of weighing ethical factors to make a decision.
  • The doctor faced a difficult moral calculus when allocating scarce resources.
• "The calculus of consent": A theoretical framework for analyzing political decision-making (from the title of a famous book by James M. Buchanan and Gordon Tullock).

Học thuật

Noun

1. the branch of mathematics that is concerned with limits and with the differentiation and integration of functions
2. an incrustation that forms on the teeth and gums
3. a hard lump produced by the concretion of mineral salts; found in hollow organs or ducts of the body
   • renal calculi can be very painful

Từ đồng nghĩa

• infinitesimal calculus
• tartar
• tophus
• concretion