Definition

1. Noun:
   • Infrastructure: The basic physical and organizational structures, facilities, and systems (e.g., transportation, communication, power, water supply) needed for the operation of a society, community, or enterprise. This is the primary and most common meaning in modern usage.
   • Lower layer / base layer: The literal meaning, referring to a foundational or underlying stratum. This meaning is now rare in standalone use.

Usage Examples

• Noun:
  • Thành phố này cần đầu tư nhiều hơn vào hạ tầng giao thông. (This city needs to invest more in transportation infrastructure.)
  • Phát triển hạ tầng kỹ thuật số là ưu tiên quốc gia. (Developing digital infrastructure is a national priority.)
  • Trong kiến trúc, hạ tầng vững chắc là rất quan trọng. (In architecture, a solid base layer is very important.)

Advanced Usage

• "hạ tầng cơ sở" / "cơ sở hạ tầng": These are the full, standard terms for infrastructure. "Hạ tầng" is the common shortened form.
  • Dự án cải tạo cơ sở hạ tầng đã được phê duyệt. (The infrastructure renovation project has been approved.)

Variants and Related Words

• Cơ sở hạ tầng (n): Infrastructure. The most formal and complete term.
• Hạ tầng cơ sở (n): Infrastructure. An alternative word order with the same meaning.
• Hạ tầng kỹ thuật (n): Technical infrastructure.
• Hạ tầng xã hội (n): Social infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals).

Synonyms

• Infrastructure: The system of public works, facilities, and services.
• Foundation: The base or groundwork.
• Substructure: An underlying or supporting structure.

Related Terms

• Thượng tầng (n): Superstructure. Often used in social sciences (e.g., culture, politics, institutions) in contrast to the material base or hạ tầng.
  • Mối quan hệ giữa hạ tầng kinh tế và thượng tầng kiến trúc. (The relationship between the economic base and the ideological superstructure.)

1. Lower layer
   • Cơ sở hạ tầng (cũng hạ tầng cơ sở)
     Infrastructure