huống
Học thuậtThân thiện
Definition
- Conjunction:
- Much less, let alone, not to mention: Used to introduce a stronger or more extreme point after a weaker one has been stated, emphasizing that if the first point is true, the second is even more certainly true. It often appears in the structure "
... huống chi/huống gì/huống là ..." (how much more/less...). - Moreover, furthermore: Used to add another point that strengthens the argument.
Usage Examples
- Conjunction:
- Anh ấy còn không giúp được người lạ, huống chi là người thân. (He can't even help a stranger, much less a family member.)
- Tôi chưa từng đến Hà Nội, huống gì là Sapa. (I have never been to Hanoi, let alone Sapa.)
- Việc đó khó với chuyên gia, huống là với sinh viên. (That task is difficult for an expert, not to mention for a student.)
- Trời đã mưa to. Huống hồ, đường lại trơn. (It was already raining heavily. Moreover, the road was slippery.)
Advanced Usage
- "huống chi" / "huống gì" / "huống là": These are the most common compound forms, used interchangeably to mean "how much more/less", "let alone". They strongly contrast two situations, with the second being more extreme.
- Nó không biết bơi, huống chi là lặn. (He doesn't know how to swim, much less dive.)
- "huống hồ": A variant meaning "moreover", "besides", used to add a reinforcing reason.
- Anh ta đã mệt. Huống hồ, anh ta còn bị ốm. (He was already tired. Besides, he was sick.)
Variants and Related Words
- Huống chi (conj): How much more/less, let alone. (Most common variant)
- Huống gì (conj): How much more/less, let alone. (Synonymous with )
- Huống là (conj): Let alone, not to mention. (Synonymous with )
- Huống hồ (conj): Moreover, furthermore.
Synonyms
- Nói chi đến: Not to mention.
- Chưa kể: Not to mention, let alone.
- Hơn nữa: Moreover, furthermore. (Used for adding information, but lacks the strong contrast of )
Related Phrases
- "Huống nữa là": An emphatic form of "huống là".
- Việc nhỏ còn không xong, huống nữa là việc lớn. (He can't even finish a small task, how much less a big one.)
Related Idioms
- "Huống kẻ... huống người...": A classical literary structure for contrasting situations.
- Huống kẻ ăn xin, huống người giàu có. (How much more for a beggar, how much less for a rich person.)
- Much less