monad

/'mɔnæd/

Thân thiện

A student observes a monad under a microscope.

Definition

1. Noun:
   • (Biology): A single-celled microorganism, especially a flagellate protozoan.
   • (Philosophy/Metaphysics): A singular, fundamental, and indivisible metaphysical entity or substance, often considered the ultimate unit of reality from which material properties are derived.
   • (Chemistry): An atom or radical having a valence of one; a univalent atom or ion.

Usage Examples

• Noun (Biology):
  • The pond water was teeming with various monads under the microscope.
  • Some monads are capable of photosynthesis.
• Noun (Philosophy):
  • Leibniz's philosophy describes the universe as composed of spiritual monads.
  • The monad is conceived as a windowless, simple substance.
• Noun (Chemistry):
  • Sodium and chlorine atoms are monads in the formation of sodium chloride.
  • A hydrogen atom is a classic example of a monad.

Advanced Usage

• In Computing/Functional Programming: While not the primary dictionary definition, in computer science, a monad is a design pattern used in functional programming to structure programs generically, handling side-effects while maintaining functional purity. This is a specialized, technical extension of the philosophical concept of a unified, self-contained entity.
  • The Maybe type in Haskell is a common monad for handling optional values.
  • Understanding monads is key to mastering certain functional programming paradigms.

Variants and Related Words

• Monadic (adjective): Of or relating to a monad.
  • The philosopher proposed a monadic theory of the soul.
  • A monadic operation in logic takes a single argument.
• Monadology (noun): The philosophical doctrine or system based on monads, most famously associated with Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz.
  • Leibniz's "Monadology" is a key text in metaphysical philosophy.

Synonyms

• (Biology): Unicellular organism, protozoan (specific types), microbe.
• (Philosophy): Unit, substance, element, atom (in the philosophical sense).
• (Chemistry): Univalent atom, monovalent ion.

Related Phrases / Compound Terms

• Divine Monad: In some philosophical or theosophical systems, refers to the supreme unity or ultimate spiritual entity.
• Monadnock: A geological term for an isolated rock hill or mountain. (Note: This is a different word derived from a Native American language, not directly from "monad," but sometimes included due to similarity in form).

Học thuật

Noun

1. (biology) a single-celled microorganism (especially a flagellate protozoan)
2. a singular metaphysical entity from which material properties are said to derive
3. (chemistry) an atom having a valence of one

Từ đồng nghĩa

• monas