Definition

Noun: A dated and now offensive medical term historically used to refer to a congenital disorder caused by the presence of an extra 21st chromosome, characterized by distinct physical features such as a flat facial profile, short stature, and intellectual disability. The contemporary and correct term for this genetic condition is Down syndrome.

Usage Notes

• The term "mongolianism" is considered highly offensive, pejorative, and obsolete in medical, scientific, and general usage. It stems from a discredited and erroneous 19th-century theory that incorrectly linked the physical features associated with the condition to a supposed "Mongolian" racial type. Its use is strongly discouraged.
• The only acceptable and respectful terms are Down syndrome (preferred in the United States and many other countries) or Down's syndrome (common in the United Kingdom). These terms are derived from the name of the physician, John Langdon Down, who described the syndrome in 1866.

Examples of Usage

• (Historical/Offensive Context):
• (Correct Modern Usage):
• (Correct Modern Usage):

Advanced Usage

• The term may appear in historical documents or discussions about the history of medicine and disability rights, but it is always flagged as offensive and outdated.
• In genetics, the condition is specifically identified as Trisomy 21, referring to the triplication of chromosome 21.

Variants and Related Words

• Down syndrome (n.): The standard modern term for the condition.
• Down's syndrome (n.): A common variant of the standard term.
• Trisomy 21 (n.): The precise genetic and clinical designation.
• Intellectual disability (n.): The preferred contemporary term for what was historically called "mental retardation," which is also now considered offensive.

Synonyms

• Down syndrome
• Down's syndrome
• Trisomy 21

Important Note on Language

This entry documents the word for historical and educational accuracy regarding lexical change. It is critical to understand that "mongolianism" is an offensive relic of outdated scientific racism. Using modern, person-first, and respectful language such as "a person with Down syndrome" or "has Down syndrome" is essential.

Noun

1. a congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome; results in a flat face and short stature and mental retardation