Definition

1. Conjunction:
   • Even, not excepting: Used to introduce an extreme or surprising example that is included in a general statement, emphasizing that the statement applies without exception. It often translates to "even" in English.
   • Including: Used to indicate that the following noun or noun phrase is part of a larger set being discussed.

Usage Examples

• Conjunction:
  • Ngay cả những người giàu nhất cũng có thể gặp khó khăn. (Even the richest people can face difficulties.)
  • Mọi người đều thích bộ phim đó, ngay cả giáo viên của tôi. (Everyone liked that movie, even my teacher.)
  • Cô ấy quên ngay cả những điều cơ bản. (She forgot even the basics.)

Advanced Usage

• "Ngay cả khi": Even if, even when. Used to introduce a hypothetical or contrasting condition.
  • Tôi sẽ đi, ngay cả khi trời mưa. (I will go, even if it rains.)
• "Ngay cả như vậy": Even so. Used to concede a point before making a contrasting statement.
  • Anh ấy rất mệt. Ngay cả như vậy, anh ấy vẫn hoàn thành công việc. (He was very tired. Even so, he finished the work.)

Variants and Related Words

• Ngay: Immediately, right, straight. (e.g., - immediately)
• Cả: All, whole, even. (e.g., - the whole family)
• Thậm chí: Even (a more formal synonym, often used in writing).
  • Thậm chí chuyên gia cũng không biết câu trả lời. (Even the expert didn't know the answer.)

Synonyms

• Thậm chí: Even (more formal/literary).
• Kể cả: Including, even (often used interchangeably with ).
  • Mọi người đều được mời, kể cả anh. (Everyone is invited, including you.)

Notes on Usage

• Position: is typically placed at the beginning of the clause or phrase it modifies.
• Emphasis: It is used for strong emphasis, to show that something is true in an extreme or unexpected case.
• Common Pairing: It is often paired with (also) in the following clause to complete the emphasis: (Even X also Y).

1. even, not excepting