Definition

1. Verb:

   • To pass, to ratify, to approve: To officially agree to or accept something, typically after discussion or examination, allowing it to be implemented.
   • To adopt: To formally accept or approve a proposal, law, or plan.

2. Conjunction / Preposition:

   • Through, by, by means of, via: Indicates an indirect method, process, or intermediary; not done directly but through another channel or medium.

Usage Examples

• Verb:

  • Quốc hội đã thông qua dự luật mới. (The National Assembly passed the new bill.)
  • Kế hoạch kinh doanh đã được hội đồng thông qua. (The business plan was approved by the board.)

• Conjunction / Preposition:

  • Chúng tôi học hỏi thông qua kinh nghiệm thực tế. (We learn through practical experience.)
  • Thông báo được gửi thông qua email. (The notification was sent via email.)

Advanced Usage

• "thông qua một quy trình": to go through a process.

  • Mọi đề xuất đều phải thông qua một quy trình xét duyệt nghiêm ngặt. (Every proposal must go through a strict review process.)

• Used in formal, official contexts (e.g., government, legal, organizational meetings) when functioning as a verb.

• Used in both formal and informal contexts when functioning as a preposition/conjunction to describe methods.

Variants and Related Words

• Thông qua as a verb is often used in its passive form "được thông qua" (to be passed/approved).
• Phê chuẩn (v): to ratify, to endorse (more formal, often for treaties, high-level agreements).
• Chấp thuận (v): to consent, to agree (broader term for approval).

Synonyms

• Verb: Phê duyệt (to approve), Đồng ý (to agree), Chấp nhận (to accept).
• Conjunction/Preposition: Bằng cách (by means of), Qua (through, via), Nhờ vào (thanks to, by).

Related Phrases / Collocations

• Thông qua nghị quyết: to pass a resolution.
• Thông qua hiến pháp: to ratify a constitution.
• Thông qua trung gian: through an intermediary.
• Thông qua thảo luận: through discussion.

Notes on Different Meanings

• The two main meanings are distinct:
  • The verbal meaning involves a formal act of approval by a group or authority.
  • The prepositional/conjunctional meaning indicates a medium, method, or intermediary channel. The context clearly determines which meaning is intended.

verb

1. to pass, to ratify

conj

1. through, by