calque

Thân thiện

"Superman" is a calque from the German word "Übermensch".

Definition

1. Noun:
   • A loan translation: A word or phrase borrowed from another language by translating its components literally. It is a type of linguistic borrowing where the meaning is translated, but the structure is imitated.

Usage

• A calque is formed through the process of literal, word-for-word translation of a term from a source language into the target language.
• It is used in linguistics to describe a specific kind of borrowed lexical item. The term itself is a calque from the French word "calque" meaning "copy" or "tracing."

Examples

• Noun:
  • The English term "superman" is a calque of the German "Übermensch."
  • "Brainwashing" is considered a calque from the Chinese "xǐ nǎo."
  • The phrase "that goes without saying" is a calque of the French "cela va sans dire."

Advanced Usage

• Structural Calque: This involves borrowing syntactic structures or grammatical patterns from another language, not just individual words.
  • The influence of English can be seen in the structural calques found in many European languages' technical jargon.
• Semantic Calque (or Loan Meaning): This occurs when an existing word in a language acquires a new meaning under the influence of a foreign word.
  • This is a more subtle type of calque, where the form is native but the new sense is borrowed.

Variants and Related Words

• Loan translation: This is a direct synonym for calque.
• Calquing (verb, gerund): The process of forming a calque.
  • The calquing of terms is common in the development of scientific vocabulary.

Synonyms

• Loan translation
• Translation loan

Related Phrases and Concepts

• While not a phrasal verb or idiom, the concept is often discussed alongside:
  • Loanword: A word adopted directly from another language with little or no translation (e.g., "sushi" from Japanese).
  • The key difference is that a calque is a translation, while a loanword is a direct adoption of the foreign form.

Học thuật

Noun

1. an expression introduced into one language by translating it from another language
   • `superman' is a calque for the German `Ubermensch'

Từ đồng nghĩa

• calque formation
• loan translation