Definition

1. Conjunction:
   • Therefore; consequently; hence; so: Used to introduce a logical result or conclusion based on a reason or situation stated in the previous clause. It connects a cause and its effect.

Usage Examples

• Conjunction:
  • Trời mưa to, cho nên chúng tôi ở nhà. (It rained heavily, so we stayed home.)
  • Cô ấy đã học tập chăm chỉ, cho nên cô ấy đã thi đỗ. (She studied hard, therefore she passed the exam.)
  • Anh ấy không lắng nghe lời khuyên, cho nên anh ấy đã gặp rắc rối. (He didn't listen to the advice, consequently he got into trouble.)

Advanced Usage

• Position in a sentence: "Cho nên" typically begins the second clause of a compound sentence. The clause before "cho nên" states the reason, and the clause after it states the result.
  • Dự án này rất phức tạp. Cho nên, chúng ta cần cẩn thận. (This project is very complex. Therefore, we need to be careful.)

Variants and Related Words

• Vì vậy (conjunction): Therefore, for that reason. Often interchangeable with "cho nên" but can sound slightly more formal.

  • Anh ấy bị ốm, vì vậy anh ấy sẽ không đến. (He is sick, therefore he will not come.)

• Thế nên (conjunction): And so, that's why. A more colloquial variant of "cho nên."

  • Tôi hết tiền rồi, thế nên phải về sớm. (I'm out of money, so I have to go home early.)

Synonyms

• Therefore: For that reason.
• Consequently: As a result.
• Hence: From this time or place; as a consequence.
• So: And for this reason.

Notes on Usage

• Grammar: "Cho nên" is a coordinating conjunction. It links two independent clauses that have a cause-and-effect relationship. The reason is often, but not always, introduced by "vì" (because).
  • Vì đường kẹt xe, cho nên tôi đến muộn. (Because the traffic was jammed, therefore I was late.)
• Formality: "Cho nên" is standard and neutral, appropriate for both spoken and written Vietnamese.

1. Therefore, hence