Definition

1. Noun:
   • Lower section (of a river): The part of a river that is closer to its mouth, downstream from a given point.
   • Lower social classes (in historical context): In old societies, refers to people of low social status or rank.

Usage Examples

• Noun (geographical):

  • Thành phố nằm ở hạ lưu sông. (The city is located on the lower section of the river.)
  • Lũ lụt ảnh hưởng nghiêm trọng đến vùng hạ lưu. (The flood seriously affected the downstream region.)

• Noun (historical/social):

  • Trong xã hội phong kiến, ông ấy xuất thân từ tầng lớp hạ lưu. (In feudal society, he came from the lower social classes.)

Advanced Usage

• The term is primarily used in technical, geographical, or historical discussions. In modern social contexts, more specific terms like "tầng lớp lao động" (working class) are preferred over "hạ lưu" to describe social stratification.

Variants and Related Words

• Thượng lưu (n): Upper section (of a river); upper class (socially).
  • Khu vực thượng lưu sông thường có địa hình dốc. (The upper section of the river often has steep terrain.)
• Trung lưu (n): Middle section (of a river); middle class.
  • Tầng lớp trung lưu ngày càng đông đảo. (The middle class is growing.)

Synonyms

• Downstream: For the geographical meaning.
• Lower class / Lower orders: For the historical social meaning.

Related Terms

• Cửa sông (n): River mouth, estuary; often the endpoint of the .
• Lưu vực (n): River basin, which includes the , , and .

1. Lower section (of a river)
2. Lower social classes (in the old society)