polyploid
/'pɔliplɔid/
Definition
Adjective:
- (Biology) Having more than two complete sets of chromosomes in the cell nucleus. This is a genetic condition where an organism's cells contain multiple copies of its basic chromosome set (more than the diploid number, which is two sets).
Noun:
- (Biology, Genetics) An organism or a cell that possesses more than two complete sets of chromosomes. This term refers to the entity itself that exhibits polyploidy.
Examples of Usage
Adjective:
- Wheat is a polyploid species, which contributes to its genetic robustness.
- The botanist studied the polyploid plants to understand their evolutionary advantages.
- A polyploid condition can arise from errors during cell division.
Noun:
- Many commercially important crops, such as strawberries and cotton, are polyploids.
- The scientist identified the new fern as a polyploid.
- Comparing the growth of a diploid and its corresponding polyploid revealed significant differences.
Advanced Usage
- Autopolyploid vs. Allopolyploid: These are specific types of polyploids. An autopolyploid has multiple chromosome sets derived from a single species, while an allopolyploid results from the combination of chromosome sets from different species (often following hybridization).
- Example: Common bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) is an allopolyploid that arose from the hybridization of three different grass species.
Variants and Related Words
- Polyploidy (n): The state or condition of being polyploid. This is the abstract noun form.
- Example: Polyploidy is a major mechanism of speciation in plants.
- Diploid (adj/n): Having two complete sets of chromosomes (the typical condition for most animal somatic cells).
- Haploid (adj/n): Having a single set of chromosomes (e.g., in gametes like sperm and egg cells).
- Tetraploid (adj/n): A specific type of polyploid possessing four complete sets of chromosomes.
Synonyms
- (For the concept): Multiploid (less common), having multiple chromosome sets.
- (Antonyms): Haploid, diploid.
Related Terms and Concepts
- Chromosome set (genome): A complete set of chromosomes (one from each parent in a diploid).
- Endoreduplication: A process where DNA is replicated without cell division, leading to polyploid cells.
- Speciation: The formation of new and distinct species, which polyploidy can drive, especially in plants.
Adjective
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of a cell or organism having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
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a polyploid cell
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a polyploid species
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Noun
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(genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes
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