refractory

/ri'fæktəri/
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refractory

The refractory child refused to put on his coat.

Definition

  1. Adjective:

    • Stubbornly resistant to authority or control: Describes a person, animal, or thing that is unmanageable, disobedient, or difficult to control.
    • Temporarily unresponsive or not fully responsive to a stimulus: Used in medical, neurological, or physiological contexts to describe a period or state where a cell, organ, or system does not respond to a stimulus.
    • Not responding to treatment: Describes a disease, condition, or symptom that is resistant to standard medical treatments or therapies.

  2. Noun:

    • A heat-resistant material: A material, such as brick or ceramic, that can withstand very high temperatures, used to line industrial furnaces, kilns, or reactors.
Usage Examples

  • Adjective:

    • The refractory student refused to follow any of the classroom rules.
    • After an action potential, a nerve cell enters a refractory period during which it cannot fire again immediately.
    • The doctor was concerned about the patient's refractory hypertension, which did not improve with medication.

  • Noun:

    • The furnace was lined with a special refractory to contain the intense heat.
Advanced Usage
  • "Refractory to": This prepositional phrase is commonly used to indicate what something is resistant or unresponsive to.
    • The infection proved refractory to all known antibiotics.
    • Some forms of epilepsy are refractory to conventional drug treatments.
Variants and Related Words
  • Refractoriness (noun): The quality or state of being refractory.
    • The refractoriness of the material makes it ideal for industrial use.
  • Refractory period (noun phrase): A specific term in physiology for the recovery phase after a nerve impulse or muscle contraction.
    • The absolute refractory period ensures nerve impulses travel in one direction.
Synonyms
  • Adjective (for stubbornness): Unruly, recalcitrant, obstinate, intractable.
  • Adjective (for unresponsiveness): Resistant, unyielding, insusceptible.
  • Noun: Firebrick, heat-resistant lining.
Antonyms
  • Adjective: Compliant, obedient, manageable, responsive, tractable.
refractory

The refractory child refused to put on his coat.

Adjective
  1. stubbornly resistant to authority or control
    • a fractious animal that would not submit to the harness
    • a refractory child
  2. temporarily unresponsive or not fully responsive to nervous or sexual stimuli
    • the refractory period of a muscle fiber
  3. not responding to treatment
    • a stubborn infection
    • a refractory case of acne
    • stubborn rust stains
Noun
  1. lining consisting of material with a high melting point; used to line the inside walls of a furnace

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