Definition

Adverb (Từ nối): A conjunctive adverb used to indicate a consequence or result. It connects a cause or reason stated earlier to its logical effect, meaning "therefore," "so," "hence," or "as a result."

Usage Examples

• (I missed the bus, so I arrived late.)
• (It rained heavily, therefore the picnic was cancelled.)
• (He didn't study, hence he failed the exam.)

Advanced Usage

• Formal vs. Conversational: "Thành thử" is more common in written and formal spoken Vietnamese. In casual conversation, words like "nên" (so) or "vì vậy" (therefore) are often used interchangeably.
• Position in Sentence: It typically begins the clause that states the result, following a clause that states the cause. The two clauses are often separated by a comma.

Variants and Related Words

• Vì thế (conj): Therefore, for that reason. A very close synonym.
• Cho nên (conj): And so, consequently. Another direct synonym.
• Do đó (conj): Thus, because of that. Slightly more formal.

Synonyms

• Therefore: For that reason; consequently.
• So: With the result that.
• Hence: As a consequence; for this reason.
• Thus: As a result or consequence of this; therefore.

Related Phrases and Patterns

• Nguyên nhân... thành thử kết quả...: This pattern frames a cause-and-effect relationship.
  • Nguyên nhân là đường tắc nghẽn, thành thử chúng tôi bị lỡ giờ. (The cause was traffic congestion, so we missed the appointment.)

adv

1. therefore, so, hence