viz.
Definition
Adverb: * Namely, that is to say, to wit: Used to introduce a more specific or detailed explanation of something just mentioned. It signals that what follows is a list, clarification, or restatement of the preceding statement.
Usage
- The abbreviation viz. is used in formal, academic, or technical writing to introduce examples, a list of items, or a rephrasing that makes the preceding statement more precise.
- It is typically preceded by a comma and followed by the specific details.
- It is read aloud as "namely" or "that is."
Examples
- The main points of the argument, viz. the need for reform and the proposed timeline, were accepted.
- Several countries signed the treaty, viz. France, Germany, and Italy.
- The study examined two key factors, viz., age and prior experience.
Advanced Usage
- In scholarly citations: It can be used to specify a particular part of a referenced work.
- See the original manuscript (Smith, 1999, viz., pp. 45–47).
- In legal and formal documents: Used for precise enumeration.
- The assets were divided among the heirs, viz., the eldest son and the two daughters.
Variants and Related Words
- Namely (adv.): The full word most commonly substituted for viz. in less formal writing.
- i.e. (id est, Latin for "that is"): Used to clarify or rephrase. (Note: i.e. explains , while viz. introduces .)
- e.g. (exempli gratia, Latin for "for example"): Used to introduce one or more examples. (Note: e.g. introduces representative examples, while viz. introduces a complete or specific list.)
Synonyms
- Namely
- That is
- To wit
- Specifically
Notes on Meaning
- The abbreviation viz. stands for the Latin word , which is a contraction of ("it is permitted to see").
- Its core function is specification. It tells the reader, "Here are the specific items that constitute the general thing I just mentioned."
Adverb
-
as follows
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