supra
/'sju:prə/
Definition
Adverb: - At an earlier place (in a text): Used in formal writing, especially in academic or legal contexts, to direct the reader to something mentioned previously. It means "see above" or "mentioned earlier."
Usage
- In formal writing: "Supra" is used in citations and references to point to a source, note, or argument that was already provided in the same document. It is the opposite of "infra" (see below).
- Position in a sentence: It typically appears in parentheses or as part of a citation, not as a standard adverb modifying a verb in everyday speech.
Examples
- In a legal footnote: (supra).* (This means the case was cited earlier in the document.)
- In an academic paper: (This means the argument was made in a preceding section of the paper.)
- In a reference:
Advanced Usage
- "Supra note [X]": A common citation format in legal writing, referring to a footnote that was cited earlier.
- For a full analysis of this principle, see supra note 22.
- Contrast with "infra": While "supra" means "above," "infra" means "below" and directs the reader to something that will appear later in the text.
- The data supporting this claim are presented infra, in Section 4.
Variants and Related Words
- Supra- (Prefix): A combining form meaning "above," "over," or "beyond," used in many technical and scientific terms.
- Supranational (adj): Having power or influence that transcends national boundaries (e.g., a supranational organization like the EU).
- Supramolecular (adj): Relating to structures more complex than individual molecules.
Synonyms
- Above
- Earlier
- Previously mentioned
- Antecedent (though this is more often an adjective)
Notes
- Formality: "Supra" is highly formal and almost exclusively used in written English within specific fields like law, academia, and technical writing. It is not used in everyday conversation.
- Clarity: Its purpose is to avoid repetition and make lengthy documents easier to navigate by efficiently referring back to prior information.
Adverb
-
at an earlier place
-
see above
-
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