cũng

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Definition

Adverb:
- Also; too; as well: Used to indicate that a statement or action applies equally to another person or thing, often placed before the main verb or after the subject.
- Even; very: Used to emphasize a quality or extent, often in a concessive or surprising sense.
- Same; either: Used to express similarity, agreement, or that something is identical or comparable.

Usage Examples

Adverb (Also/Too):
- Tôi cũng thích cà phê. (I also like coffee.)
- Cô ấy cũng sẽ đến. (She will come too.)
Adverb (Even/Very):
- Anh ấy cũng không biết câu trả lời. (Even he doesn't know the answer.)
- Cái áo cũng đẹp đấy. (That shirt is quite nice.)
Adverb (Same/Either):
- Ai cũng có thể tham gia. (Anyone/Either person can participate.)
- Ngày nào cũng như ngày nào. (Every day is the same.)

Advanced Usage

"dù... cũng..." / "cho... cũng...": Even if... still...; Used to form concessive clauses.
- Dù mưa cũng phải đi. (We have to go even if it rains.)
- Cho có khó khăn cũng phải cố gắng. (You must try even if it's difficult.)
"... thì cũng...": ...then it's still...; Used to downplay a consequence or state a result is acceptable.
- Làm sai thì cũng không sao. (If you make a mistake, it's still okay.)
"... cũng được": ...is also fine/acceptable; Used to express permission or that an option is satisfactory.
- Uống trà cũng được. (Drinking tea is fine too.)

Variants and Related Words

Cũng vậy: Likewise; in the same way.
- Tôi nghĩ cũng vậy. (I think likewise.)
Cũng như: As well as; similar to.
- Anh ấy thích bóng đá cũng như bóng rổ. (He likes football as well as basketball.)
Cũng là: Is also; Used for identification.
- Cô ấy cũng là giáo viên. (She is also a teacher.)

Synonyms

Đều: All; each and every (often used for plural subjects to indicate "all").
Nữa: Also; too; in addition (often used at the end of a clause).
Vẫn: Still; nevertheless (indicates continuation or contrast).

Related Phrases (Structure Patterns)

Ai cũng...: Everyone...; Whoever... (Used with interrogative pronouns like (who), (what), (where) to mean "any" or "every").
- Ở đâu cũng đông. (It's crowded everywhere.)
... mà cũng...: ...and yet also...; Expresses mild surprise that something/someone also does something.
- Trẻ con mà cũng hiểu chuyện đó. (Even a child understands that.)

Related Idioms

Thuận vợ thuận chồng, tát biển Đông cũng cạn: With harmony between husband and wife, even the East Sea can be bailed dry. (Meaning: Unity and cooperation can achieve the impossible. Illustrates the use of cũng in a concessive conditional structure.)
Chậm mà chắc cũng được: Slow but sure is also acceptable. (Meaning: It's okay to be slow as long as you are steady and reliable.)

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