đệ

Thân thiện

Người đàn ông đệ đơn lên cơ quan chính quyền.

Definition

1. Pronoun (archaic, humble):

   • I, me: A humble and respectful first-person pronoun used by a male speaker when addressing someone of equal or similar social status. It conveys modesty and formality, similar to "this younger brother" referring to himself.

2. Noun (literary):

   • Order, rank, grade: Refers to a level in a sequence, series, or hierarchy, often used in classical contexts.

3. Verb (formal):

   • To submit, to present: To formally hand over or present something (like a document or petition) to a superior authority, such as a government office or a senior person.

Usage Examples

• Pronoun:
  • Đệ xin phép được trình bày. (I humbly request permission to present.)
• Noun:
  • Lớp đệ tam. (The third form/grade.)
• Verb:
  • Đệ kiến nghị lên chính phủ. (To submit a petition to the government.)

Advanced Usage

• The pronoun "đệ" is almost exclusively found in historical texts, period dramas, or very formal, traditional writing. Its use in modern spoken Vietnamese is extremely rare and would sound archaic.
• In classical Sino-Vietnamese compounds, "đệ" often relates to sequence or submission.

Variants and Related Words

• Đệ tử (n): Disciple, pupil.
  • Ông ấy có nhiều đệ tử. (He has many disciples.)
• Đệ trình (v): To submit, to present (a report, document).
  • Đệ trình báo cáo lên cấp trên. (To submit a report to superiors.)
• Đệ tam (n): The third (in order).
• Tiểu đệ (n): A humble term for "I, me" (literally "little younger brother"), used similarly to "đệ".

Synonyms

• Pronoun: ta, tôi (I, me - but less humble/archaic than "đệ").
• Noun: thứ bậc, bậc (rank, grade).
• Verb: trình, nộp, dâng (to submit, to present).

Notes on Different Meanings

• The primary modern understanding of "đệ" is as a root in compound words (like , ). Its standalone use as a pronoun or verb is now largely obsolete.
• The meaning of "younger brother" is inherent in the Sino-Vietnamese root of the word and explains its use as a humble first-person pronoun. This meaning is now only seen in compounds like "huynh đệ" (brothers).

Học thuật

1. (cũ) I, me (Từ dùng tự xưng một cách thân mật khi nói với
   • người ngang hàng)
2. (cũ) Order, rank
   • Lớp đệ tam
     The third form
3. Submit, lay
   • Đệ kiến nghị lên chính phủ xét
     To submit a petition to the Government for consideration