Definition

1. Noun:

   • Bottle: A container, typically made of glass, with a narrow neck, used for storing liquids.
   • Callus: A thickened and hardened area of skin, especially on the hands or feet, caused by repeated friction or pressure.

2. Adjective:

   • Callous: (Of skin) Made hard and thick; (figuratively) emotionally hardened or insensitive.
   • Hardened/Compact: Made solid, dense, or unyielding, often referring to soil or a substance.

Usage Examples

• Noun (Bottle):

  • Anh ấy uống hết một chai nước. (He drank a whole bottle of water.)
  • Chai này làm bằng thủy tinh. (This bottle is made of glass.)

• Noun (Callus):

  • Làm việc nặng khiến tay anh có nhiều chai. (Hard work caused many calluses on his hands.)
  • Chai ở chân làm anh ấy đau khi đi. (The callus on his foot hurt when he walked.)

• Adjective (Callous/Hardened):

  • Bàn tay chai sạn của người nông dân. (The farmer's calloused hands.)
  • Đất ở đây rất chai và khó cày. (The soil here is very hard and difficult to plow.)
  • Sau nhiều lần thất vọng, trái tim cô ấy đã chai lại. (After many disappointments, her heart became calloused.)

Advanced Usage

• "chai mặt": To become thick-skinned or shameless (idiomatic).

  • Bị mắng nhiều, nó đã chai mặt. (Being scolded often, he has become shameless.)

• "chai lì": To become hardened, numb, or unfeeling (often emotionally).

  • Sống trong nghịch cảnh khiến tính cách anh ta trở nên chai lì. (Living in adversity made his personality become hardened.)

Variants and Related Words

• Cá chai (n): A type of flatfish.

  • Món cá chai nướng rất ngon. (Grilled flatfish is very delicious.)

• Chai sạn (adj): Rough and calloused (often for skin).

  • Lớp da chai sạn vì lao động. (Skin roughened by labor.)

Synonyms

• Bottle: flask, vial.
• Callus: corn, hardening.
• Callous: hardened, unfeeling, insensitive.
• Hardened: compacted, solidified.

Related Idioms

• Chai như đất: As hard as earth/rock (describing something very hardened).

  • Mảnh đất này chai như đất, không trồng trọt được. (This plot of land is as hard as rock, unsuitable for cultivation.)

• Chai mắt: To become jaded or desensitized (from seeing too much).

  • Nhìn cảnh nghèo khổ nhiều, anh ấy đã chai mắt. (Seeing so much poverty, he has become desensitized.)

noun

1. Bottle chai ba a 1/3 liter bottle
   • chai bảy
     a 7/10 liter bottle
2. Callosity, callus, corn (ở chân tay)
   • bàn tay nổi chai
     a hand full of callosities, a callous hand

adj

1. Callous
   • cuốc nhiều quá chai tay
     his hands have become callous from too much hoeing
   • bị mắng nhiều đã chai mặt, không biết xấu hổ là gì nữa
     made callous by much abusing, he is now lost to the sense of shame
2. Compact, hardened